Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and Endocannabinoids offers a comprehensive reference on natural and synthetic cannabinoids, providing coverage on both adverse and non-adverse effects, including reactivity to pain, changes in behavior and neuroactivity. This volume updates on research on the effects of these compounds in brain function and neurological dysfunction, offering readers a comprehensive reference on medical usage and the symptom relief provided by these compounds. With coverage of neurological diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, and a wide range of other afflictions, including depression, anxiety, nausea and cancer, this broad coverage expounds on the physiological, psychological and pharmacological effects of these compounds.

Unique case reports are also provided, creating a platform for research on the use of these compounds in improving patient care, brain function and neurological dysfunction. As the endocannabinoid system has been implicated in various neurological conditions, this book is a welcomed resource on the topics presented.

Cannabis Use, Neurobiology, Psychology, and Treatment
I. Setting the scene and introductory chapters

1. Metabolomics of the cannabis plant
Mickel Hiebert-Giesbrecht, Claudia Torres-Calzada and David Scott Wishart

2. The roots of Cannabis sativa: chemical and pharmacological profile
L A. Rolim

3. Cannabis related compounds in beverages and food
Ilaria Di Marco Pisciottano

4. The impact of prenatal cannabis exposure: an overview
Natalia Kleinhans

5. Cannabinoid Genotoxicity and Congenital Anomalies: A Convergent Synthesis of European and USA Datasets
Albert Stuart Reece and Gary K. Hulse

6. Cannabis Genotoxicity and Cancer Incidence: A Highly Concordant Synthesis of European and USA Datasets
Albert Stuart Reece and Gary K. Hulse

7. Cannabis, Cognitive impairment and Car Crash risk
U.W. Preuss


II. Cannabis usage


8. Recreational cannabis use: a French perspective of adverse effects
Emilie Bouquet, Emilie Jouanjus and Maryse Lapeyre-Mestre

9. Acute and chronic impact of cannabis on human cognition
Justin Matheson and Bernard Le Foll

10. Polydrug users, use of cannabidiol (CBD) and abuse potential/Polydrug users, use of cannabinoids and abuse potential
Kerri Alexandra Schoedel

11. Cannabis stigmas: a narrative of features
Matt Reid

12. Alterations of THC and CBD ratios and impact on cognition
Erica Zamberletti

13. When cannabis is used for medicinal purposes: a focus on back pain
R. L. Price III

III. Pharmacological and Physiological Aspects


14. Cannabis, cannabinoids and receptor responses
Yi Yang, Roya Derwish and Lakshmi P. Kotra

15. Cannabidiol (CBD): abuse potential and withdrawal
Kenneth W. Sommerville and Beatrice Setnik

16. 4,5- Dihydro-1H-pyrazole/3,4-Diarylpyrazoline class of cannabinoid-1 (CB1R) receptor antagonists and their potential in medicinal applications
Malliga R. Iyer

IV. Neurobiology of cannabis


17. Neurobiology of cannabis
Rohit Goyal and Deepak Kumar

18. The kynurenine pathway, neurobiology and cannabis misuse: a new narrative
Nuria Morales-Puerto and Esther O'Shea

19. Central nervous system cancers and use of cannabis and related products: an updated narrative
J. Eduardo Rodriguez Almaraz and Nicholas Butowski

20. Chronic cannabis users: links with glutamate and resting state connectivity
S.D. Newman

21. Brain metabolic responses to cannabis use in people with multiple sclerosis: Insights from 18F -FDG positron emission tomography and functional MRI
Thorsten Rudroff

22. Genetic Variation and Acute Responses to Cannabis
Bernard Le Foll, Zoe Bourgault and Justin Matheson

23. Cell Signaling of the CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor via beta-arrestins, Cannabinoid Receptor Interacting Protein (CRIP1a) and other regulatory proteins
Allyn C. Howlett

24. Cannabis and impact on memory: from in utero to adults
Jennifer Willford, Meaghan Hazelet, Mohamad Khalaifa, Natacha DeGenna and Gale A. Richardson

25. Central CB1 receptors and age-related changes: investigating the effects of DELTA-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
Brett C. Ginsburg and Hanana AlTfaili

26. Alcohol, cannabis and visual memory
Concepcion Vinader-Caerols

V. Neurobiology of cannabinoids


27. The role of Delta-FosB in the plasticity of the cannabinoid system
Arturo Venebra-Munoz and Sara Mejía-Chávez

28. Functional profile of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists: exploring cannabinoid and non-cannabinoid targets
Shivani Sachdev, Marina Santiago and Chris Bladen

29. Linking the G protein-coupled orphan receptor GPR55 to the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2): a new narrative
Paula Morales, Raquel Guerrero-Alba and B.A. Marichal-Cancino

30. Proteomic analysis of cannabinoids in human oligodendrocytes
Valéria Almeida

31. Cannabinoids and endocannabinoid signaling at the basal forebrain cholinergic system
Rafael Rodriguez

32. Cannabidiol (The major non-psychotropic cannabinoid in the cannabis plant) and the PI3K/Akt pathway in the CNS
Nadja Schroder

33. Effects of cannabidiol and other phytocannabinoids on ion channels
Murat Oz, Keun-Hang Susan Yang, Mohamed Mahgoub, Georg Petroianu and Dietrich Lorke

34. Cannabis, neurodevelopment and the "two-hit hypothesis"
Elisa Guma, Lani Cupo and Mallar Chakravarty

VI. New and synthetic cannabinoids


35. Impact of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC ) and synthetic "spice"cannabinoids on nicotine use and abuse
Christie Dawn Fowler and Angeline Dukes

36. Synthetic cannabinoids: how do they compare to DELTA9-tetrahydrocannabinol: neurological effects and beyond
Chris S. Breivogel

VII. Biomarkers, analysis and screening


37. The DSM-5 criteria of cannabis use disorder: methods and applications
Mahadev Sen, Siddharth Sarkar and Yesh Singh

38. Cannabis and clinical high risk for psychosis: monitoring and smartphones
Jean Addington

VIII. Impact on non-neurological systems

39. The impact of cannabis and cannabinoids on the skin
Jane M. Grant-Kels

40. Cannabis consumption in reproduction and teratogenicity
Susana Sa and B.M. Fonseca

41. Cannabis compounds and putative cytotoxicity: profile of cancer cells
Hadar Peeri and Hinanit Koltai


IX. Treatments, strategies and resources


42. Motivational Interviewing for Cannabis Use Disorders: a narrative review from research to practice
Hugo López-Pelayo, Maria Teresa Pons-Cabrera, Clara Oliveras Salvà and Pablo Rodrigo Guzmán Cortez

43. An Overview of Current Pharmacologic Interventions for Management of Cannabis Withdrawal and the Evidence for Their Use
David Wolinsky

44. Managing cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in paediatrics: A new narrative review
Justin P. Reinert

45. Gabapentinoids for the Treatment of Cannabis Use Disorder: A Focus on Human Laboratory Research
Joshua A. Lile

46. Treating psychosis in users of synthetic cannabinoids
T. Klimenko and Svetlana Shakhova

X. Resources


47. Cannabis and Web based Resources
Rajkumar Rajendram


Medicinal Usage of Cannabis and Cannabinoids

I. Setting the scene and introductory chapters

1. How medical cannabis may influence the future of medicine
Martha ROSENTHAL

2. Medical cannabis and cannabinoids: how best to extract components from plant material
Daniela De Vita, Valentina Noemi Madia and Roberta Costi

3. Medicinal usage of cannabis and its impact on mental health among cancer patients and survivors
Nicolas Hernandez Ortega, Ye Chen, Jessica Y. Islam, Diane Rodriguez, Marlene Camacho-Rivera and D.C. Vidot

4. Cannabis sativa as a traditional phytomedicine: a new narrative covering different countries
M.N. Ahmed, Tridib Paul, Md. Nur Kabidul Azam, Rownak Jahan and Mohammed Rahmatullah

5. Medical use of cannabis in the middle east
Bader Hamza Shirah, Mohammed Ahmed and Ruba Saleh

6. What medicinal cannabis is used for: a focus on Canada
Dean T. Eurich, Cerina Lee and Jason Dyck

7. New York perspectives of medical cannabis laboratory analysis
Lingyun Li, Stacey Chmura, Christopher Judd and Bryan C. Duffy

8. Epigenetic regulations on the quality of clonal cannabis plants: secondary metabolites and profiles
Mohsen Hesami and Max Jones

9. Aberrant use of medicinal cannabis: theoretical and empirical considerations
Daniel Feingold

10. Profile of older users of medical cannabis and cannabinoids
Joshua Brown

11. Use of cannabidiol oil by caregivers: a focus on Alzheimer's disease
Magdalena Leszko

12. Medicinal use of cannabis: adverse events as a balanced perspective
Giada Crescioli, Valentina Maggini, Fabio Firenzuoli, Alfredo Vannacci and Niccolo Lombardi
II. Physiological aspects and metabolic aspects

13. Physiopathology and use of cannabinoids for fibrotic diseases
Carmen del Rio and E. Munoz

14. Cannabinoids in inflammation and atherosclerosis
Leonor Thomson, Edward Moreira-Bahnson and Bruno Musetti

15. Targeting the CB(2) receptors and other endocannabinoid elements to delay disease progression in cardiovascular diseases
Shreesh Ojha

16. BMI in cannabis users: regulation, mechanisms and public health impact
Thomas Clark

III. Neurological, psychological and behavioural aspects

17. Neuroprotection by cannabis related products, cannabidiol and cannabigerol, and associated mechanisms of action
Carolina Echeverry Sr., Jimena Fagetti, Miguel Reyes-Parada and Cecilia Scorza

18. Cannabis terpenes as neuroprotective agents: a focus on alpha-bisabolol
John Staton Laws, Srijan Shrestha and Scott D. Smid

19. Cannabidiol in medicinal usage of stress: modelling investigations into cocaine
M. Julia García-Fuster and Olga Valverde

20. Medicinal cannabis and neurocognition impairment
Caroline MacCallum, April Christiansen, Lindsay Lo, Carly Pistawka, Michael Boivin and Melissa Snider-Adler

21. Genetic models of audiogenic seizures: what they are and how cannabinoids and Cannabis-derived compounds can be used to alleviate their symptoms - an updated narrative
Norberto Garcia-Cairasco

22. Addressing the validity of cannabinoid therapy as an option for the treatment of substance use disorder
Rose Chesworth, Erin McLemon and Tim Karl

IV. Pharmacological and cellular aspects

23. Cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), features and profiles: anti-hyperalgesic effects
G. Singh, Katja Linher-Melville and Raphael Mechoulam

24. Cannabis-drug interactions: implications for medicinal cannabis use
Fran Gengo, Anna Mattle and Christopher Ralyea

25. Cannabinoid receptor subtype 2 (CB2R): features and targets for medical applications
Marialessandra Contino, Carmen Abate, Nicola Antonio Colabufo, Francesco Leonetti and Angela Stefanachi

26. Medical use of cannabidiol and impact on cancer cell viability
Kent E. Chair and Wesley Raup-Konsavage

27. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects of phytocannabinoid -caryophyllene: A mechanistic overview
Vafa Baradaran Rahimi, Arghavan Memarzia and Prof. Vahid Reza Askari

V. Symptom Control and Medicinal Uses

28. Cancer patients and providers: Attitudes and beliefs of cannabis and cannabinoids use as a treatment
Kimberson Tanco

29. CBD (cannabidiol) use in breast cancer chemotherapy
Ana I. Torres-Suarez, Ana Isabel Fraguas-Sánchez and Ana Fernández-Carballido

30. Sleep: cannabis and cannabinoids use
Eric Murillo-Rodríguez

31. Cannabis and cannabis related products and their uses in aiding sexual health of men and women
Lynnette Nathalie Lyzwinski

32. Symptom control in palliative care settings: The role of cannabis-based medicines
Leah Sera and Maximillian Stevenson

33. Cannabidiol (CBD) Use in Fragile X Spectrum Disorders
Devon Johnson and Randi J. Hagerman

34. Hempseed (Cannabis sativa) and ameliorative effects in hypercholesterolemia
Naveen Kaushal

35. Benzodiazepines and cannabis use
C. Purcell

36. Features of (+)-trans-cannabidiol-2-hydroxy pentyland applications to disease: a focus on usage in diabetic nephropathy
E. Munoz, Matthias Winkler, Marcus Goetz and Isabel Gonzalez Mariscal

37. Medical use of cannabis: applications to Tourette syndrome
Kirsten R. Müller-Vahl and Natalia Szejko

38. Cannabinoids and their use in chronic non-cancer pain: a new narrative review
Stanley Sau-Ching Wong and Chi Wai Cheung

39. Endometriosis: features and potential role of medical cannabis
Mike Armour and Justin Sinclair

40. Cannabis usage for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: a narrative
Joseph Feuerstein and Rajsavi Anand

41. Medical cannabis and use in migraine
Jessica Jiang and Alasdair M. Barr

42. Cannabidiol (CBD ) and potential in medicinal use in rheumatoid arthritis
Torsten Lowin

43. Role of Cannabinoids in Glaucoma: Lowering Intraocular Pressure or Neuroprotection
Ujendra Kumar, Sneha Singh and Rishi Somvanshi

44. Medicinal potential of anandamide as a representative endocannabinoid and its effect at the cellular level in skin
Adrianna Maria Piasek and Anna Sobiepanek


VI. Resources

45. Medical Cannabis and Resources
Rajkumar Rajendram



Neurobiology, Physiology, And The Endocannabinoid System

I. Setting the scene and introductory chapters

1. Distribution of the endocannabinoid system: linking signalling and development
Michaela Dvorakova and Anna Kalinovsky

2. The endocannabinoid system, immunomodulation, and LPS-induced inflammation
Elliot Lloyd, Nina Nguyen and Judith Hellman

3. Physiology of the endocannabinoid systems: imaging and the use of positron emission tomography (PET)
Claudia Poluga, Cassis Varlow, Neil Vasdev, Isabelle Boileau and Laura M. Best

4. The endocannabinoid system and aging
Prof. Vahid Reza Askari

5. The endocannabinoid system and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a new narrative
Luke Ney, Kevin Crombie and Leah M. Mayo

II. Neurobiology of the endocannabinoid system

6. The protective effect of the endocannabinoid system in neurotoxin induced damage to hippocampal neurons: a focus on light and electron microscopy
Rita Yakovlevna Gordon, Valentina Kitchigina and Irina Mikheeva

7. Endocannabinoid Signaling and excitatory and inhibitory synapses
Jian Liang and Corette J. Wierenga

8. The endocannabinoids and potassium channels: an updated narrative
Yu-Fung Lin

9. Social interactions and neural activity: linking cellular studies and endocannabinoid signalling
Cheryl McCormick

10. Exercise and Parkinson's disease: linking in the cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2), and mu-opioid receptors
Marucia Chacur Sr., Caroline Cristiano Real Gregório and Karina Henrique Binda

11. The endocannabinoids system and endocannabinoid receptors in sleep
Nasreen Akhtar

12. Endocannabinoids and inhalant misuse: neuropsychological aspects
John Woodward

13. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in substance use disorders: FAAH regulation and inhibition in cannabis, alcohol, nicotine, stimulant, and opioid use disorders
Garth E. Terry and Greta Niemela

14. Treatment of pain with dual fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) enzyme and human soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) enzyme inhibitors: interlinking the endocannabinoid system
Stevan Pecic and Ram Kandasamy

15. WWL70: linking the hydrolyses 2-arachidonoylglycerol, endocannabinoid and eicosanoid pathways: therapeutic potential and neurological disease
Mikiei Tanaka and Yumin Zhang

16. Endocannabinoid catabolic enzyme inhibitors and pain alleviation
Sidney Stevens Negus and Clare Diester

17. The endocannabinoid system in health and disease: features in epilepsy
Christopher Martínez-Aguirre, Maria de los Angeles Nuñez-Lumbreras and Luisa Lilia Rocha

18. The endocannabinoid system and autoimmune demyelination: a focus on multiple sclerosis
Ana Bernal-Chico, Andres Baraibar, Alvaro Moreno-Garcia, Teresa Colomer, Ester Sanchez, Carmen Utrilla, Carlos Matute and Susana Mato

19. Endocannabinoid signaling and the lateral habenula
Jiang-Hong Ye

20. On the interplay among endocannabinoid, noradrenergic and glucocorticoid systems: evidence from aversive memory studies
Moisés Dos Santos Corrêa, Raquel Fornari, Cristina A. Stern, Leandro José Bertoglio and Lucas Gazarini


III. Receptor biology and responses

21. Adenosine A2A-cannabinoid CB1 receptor heteromers in the brain: From trans-inhibition to trans-activation
Ester Aso and Francisco Ciruela

22. Hippocampal CB1, CB2 receptors, the endocannabinoid system and fear memory
Ana Maria Raymundi and Cristina A. Stern

23. Beta-caryophyllene, the CB2 cannabinoid receptor-specific agonists and wound healing
Prof. S. Koyama

24. The nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway: impact of WIN 55212-2 as a potent cannaboinoid receptor agonist
Enzo Perez-Valenzuela and Jose Antonio Fuentealba Evans

25. Peripheral cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonists and impact on adipocytes
Morvarid Kabir

26. Endocannabinoid system receptors in plasma membranes : extraction, lipid rafts and the cortex
Changiz Taghibiglou and Hajar Miranzadeh Mahabadi

27. Applications to wound healing: cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonism and collagen deposition
Inês Correia-Sa

28. Role of the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a component of the endocannabinoid system, in anxiety, depression, and cocaine addiction
Carmen S. Maldonado-Vlaar and Wickensonn Norze

29. Allosteric modulators of the endocannabinoid system: Org27569 and cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1)
Dai Lu

30. Naturally occurring DELTA-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-derivatives and binding to CB1 and CB2 receptors: Linking in the endocannabinoid system
Irene Reyes-Resina, Rafael Rivas-Santisteban, Iu Raïch, Claudia Llinás del Torrent, Jaume Lillo, Rafael Franco and Gemma Navarro


IV. Profiles and behaviour of selective endocannabinoids

31. New cannabinoid receptor type 1 and 2 agonists and applications to understanding the endocannabinoid system
Manuel Faundez-Parraguez

32. Fatty acid amide hydrolase, the endocannabinoid anandamide and neurological disease
Filomena Fezza

33. The endocannabinoid-system in the immuno-biology of dendritic cells
Dipyaman Ganguly

34. Palmitoylethanolamide and other anandamide congeners in neuroinflammation-based disorders: linking in the endocannabinoid system
Enza Palazzo

35. Endocannabinoid modulation of synaptic function and behavior in the dorsomedial hypothalamus
Karen M. Crosby

36. Key role of anandamide and the endocannabinoid system in the modulation of cardio-renal homeostasis
Prof. Virna M. Martín Gimenez and Walter Manucha

37. The endocannabinoid system: Signaling and social motivation
Roberta Monterazzo Cysneiros and Fernanda Ribeiro


V. Exogenous, synthetic other compounds linking in the endocannabinoid system

38. Safety and toxicology of the dietary cannabinoid beta-caryophyllene
Prof. George Oliveira Sr., Bruna Silva, Ana Santos C. L. da Silva and Luciano Silva Lopes

39. Synthetic cannabimimetics: an overview
Prof. M. Kassiou


VI. Compartive studies in non neurological systems

40. Non Neurological Aspects of the Endocannabinoid System: Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Dr. R. Ghazali

41. Components of the Endocannabinoid system: Hepatic expression levels of the cannabinoid receptors and microRNAs
Sema Bolkent and Zeynep Mine Coskun

42. Tumour growth and the endocannabinoid system: investigating CB2 agonists
Josee Guindon, Isabel Castro-Piedras, Melissa McHann and Robert Barnes

43. Linking Endocannabinoid System, Palmitoylethanolamide and Sarcopenia in view of therapeutic outcomes
Susanna Molinari, Eleonora Maretti, Renata Battini and Eliana Leo

VII. Resources

44. Endocannabinoids and Resources
Rajkumar Rajendram