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Section One: General Bacteriology
1. Historical Development of Microbiology..............................................................................................3
Infection and Contagion 3 Discovery of Microorganisms 3 Conflict Over Spontaneous
Generation 4 Role of Microorganisms in Disease 4 Scientific Development of Microbiology 5
Golden Era of Medical Bacteriology 7 Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) 7 Golden Age of Microbiology
(1854-1914) 8 Discovery of Viruses 8 Immunity and Immunization 8 Serotherapy and
Chemotherapy 9 Development of Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics 10 Nobel Prizes Awarded for Research in Microbiology 10
2. Microscopy..................................................................................................................................................13
Microscopy: Instruments 13
3. Morphology of Bacteria............................................................................................................................18
Comparison of Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells 18 Study of Bacteria 18 Arrangement of Bacterial Cells 19 Anatomy of the Bacterial Cell 20 Pleomorphism and Involution Form 30
L-forms of Bacteria (Cell-wall-defective Organisms) 30
4. Physiology of Bacteria..............................................................................................................................32
Principles of Bacterial Growth 32 Bacterial Nutrition 34 Bacterial Metabolism 36
Oxidation-Reduction (O-R) Potential (Redox Potential) 37
5. Sterilization and Disinfection................................................................................................................39
Definitions of Frequently Used Terms 39 Methods of Sterilization and Disinfection 39
Recommended Concentrations of Various Disinfectants 51 Testing of Disinfectants 51
Sterilization of Prions 53 Methods of Sterilization and Disinfection 54
6. Culture Media............................................................................................................................................55
Main Purposes of Bacterial Cultivation 55 Common Ingredients of Culture Media 55
Classification of Media 56
7. Culture Methods........................................................................................................................................64
Methods of Bacterial Culture 64 Aerobic Culture 65 Anaerobic Culture Methods 66 Methods of Anaerobiosis 66 Methods of Isolating Pure Cultures 68
8. Identification of Bacteria..........................................................................................................................71
Methods Used to Identify Bacteria 71
9. Bacterial Taxonomy...................................................................................................................................82
Taxonomy 82 Bacterial Classification 82 Classification Systems 83
10. Bacterial Genetics......................................................................................................................................85
Structure and Functions of the Genetic Material 85 Extrachromosomal Genetic Elements 87
Genotypic and Phenotypic Variations 88 Transmission of Genetic Material (Gene Transfer) 92 Genetic Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Bacteria 97 Transposable Genetic Elements 98
Molecular Genetics 99 Genetic Probes 100 Blotting Techniques 101 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 102 Gene Therapy 104
11. Infection....................................................................................................................................................107
Microorganisms and Host 107 Infection and Infectious Disease 107 Classification of Infections 108 Sources of Infection 108 Modes of Transmission of Infection 109 Factors Predisposing to Microbial Pathogenicity 111 Types of Infectious Diseases 114 Epidemiological Terminology 115
Contents
Textbook of Microbiology
xiv
Section Two: Immunology
12. Immunity.................................................................................................................................................. 119.
Classification 119 Measurement of Immunity 126 Local Immunity 127 Herd Immunity 127
13. Antigens.................................................................................................................................................... 128
Types of Antigen 128 Antigenic Determinant or Epitome 128 Determinants of Antigenicity 129
Tolerogens 131 Biological Classes of Antigens 131 Superantigens 131
14. Antibodies Immunoglobulins........................................................................................................... 133
Antibody Structure 133 Immunoglobulin Classes 135 Antigenic Determinants on
Immunoglobulins 139
15. The Complement System....................................................................................................................... 141.
Principle Pathways of Complement Activation 142 Quantitation of Complement (C) and its
Components 145 Biosynthesis of Complement 145 Complement Deficiencies 145
16. Antigen-Antibody Reactions................................................................................................................ 147
Antigen-Antibody Interactions 147 General Characteristics of Antigen-Antibody Reactions 148
Antigen and Antibody Measurement 148 Parameters of Serological Tests 148 Serological
Reactions 148 Uses of ELISA 162
17. Structures and Functions of the Immune System............................................................................. 165
Types of Immune Response 165 Organs and Tissues of the Immune System 165 Cells of the
Lymphoreticular System 168 Major Histocompatibility Complex 173
18. Immune Response................................................................................................................................... 177
Type of Immune Response 177 Humoral Immunity 177 Fate of Antigen in Tissues 179
Production of Antibodies 179 Cell-mediated Immune Responses 183 Cytokines 184
Immunological Tolerance 187 Theories of Immune Response 188
19. Immunodeficiency Diseases.................................................................................................................. 191
Classification of Immunodeficiency Diseases 191 Primary Immunodeficiencies 191 Disorders of
Specific Immunity 191 Disorders of Complement 195 Disorders of Phagocytosis 195 Secondary
Immunodeficiencies 196
20. Hypersensitivity Reactions................................................................................................................... 198
Classification of Hypersensitivity Reactions 198 Type I Hypersensitivity (IgE Dependent) 199
Type II Hypersensitivity: Cytolytic and Cytotoxic 203 Type III Hypersensitivity Immune
Complex-mediated 204 Type IV Hypersensitivity Delayed Hypersensitivity 206 Shwartzman
Reaction 207
21. Autoimmunity.......................................................................................................................................... 209
Features of Diseases of Autoimmune Origin 209 Mechanisms of Autoimmunity 209 Classification
of Autoimmune Diseases 211
22. Immunology of Transplantation and Malignancy........................................................................... 216
Types of Transplants 216 Allograft Reaction 217 Histocompatibility Testing 218 Fetus
as Allograft 219 Graft-versus-host Reaction 219 Immunology of Malignancy 219 Tumor
Antigens 220 Immune Response in Malignancy 220 Immunological Surveillance 221
Immunotherapy of Cancer 221 Strategies for Vaccination Against Cancer 222
23. Immunohematology................................................................................................................................ 223
Other Blood Group Systems 224 Medical Applications of Blood Groups 224 Complications of
Blood Transfusion 225 Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn 225
Contents
xv
Section Three: Systemic Bacteriology
24. Staphylococcus......................................................................................................................................... 229
Staphylococcus aureus 229 Other Coagulase-positive Staphylococci 236 Micrococci 238
Stomatococcus 238 Alloiococcus 238
25. Streptococcus and Enterococcus........................................................................................................... 240
Classification 240 Streptococcus pyogenes 242 Laboratory Diagnosis 248 Other Streptococci
Pathogenic for Humans 249 Enterococcus 250 Viridans Streptococci 251
26. Pneumococcus (Diplococcus pneumoniae: Str. pneumoniae)........................................................... 254
Pneumococci (Diplococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae) 254
27. Neisseria and Moraxella........................................................................................................................ 260
Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus; Diplococcus Intracellularis Meningitidis)
260
Morphology 260 Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonococcus) 264 Nongonococcal (Nonspecific
Urethritis 268 Commensal Neisseriae 268 Moraxella 269 Moraxella lacunata (Morax-Axenfeld
Bacillus) 269 Kingella 270
28. Corynebacterium..................................................................................................................................... 272
Corynebacterium 272 Corynebacterium diphtheriae 272 Other Medically Important
Corynebacteria 279 Diphtheroids 280 Other Coryneform Genera 280
29. Bacillus...................................................................................................................................................... 282
General Characteristics of Bacillus 282 Species 282 Bacillus anthracis 282 Anthracoid
Bacilli 287 Other Bacillus Species 288
30. Clostridium............................................................................................................................................... 290
General Features of Clostridia 290 Classification 291 Clostridium perfringens 291 Clostridium
tetani 296 Clostridium botulinum 299 Clostridium difficile 301
31. Nonsporing Anaerobes.......................................................................................................................... 303
Classification 303 Anaerobic cocci 303 Gram-negative Anaerobic Cocci 304 Anaerobic, Nonsporeforming,
Gram-positive Bacilli 304 Anaerobic Gram-negative Bacilli 305 Anaerobic Infections 306
Treatment of Anaerobic Infections 308
32. Mycobacterium tuberculosis.................................................................................................................. 309
M. tuberculosis Complex (MTC) 309 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 310
33. Mycobacterium leprae............................................................................................................................. 325
Mycobacterium leprae 325 Mycobacterium lepraemurium 333
34. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria............................................................................................................. 335
Classification 336 Saprophytic Mycobacteria 338 Pathogenesis 338 Pulmonary Disease 339
Disseminated Disease 339 Laboratory Diagnosis 339 Epidemiology 340
35. Actinomycetes, Nocardia....................................................................................................................... 342
Actinomyces 342 Nocardia 344 Actinomycotic Mycetoma 345
36. Enterobacteriaceae: Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus and Other Genera..................................... 347
Characteristics of the Family Enterobacteriaceae 347 Classification of Enterobacteriaceae 347
Classification of Enterobacteriaceae by Tribes 348 Escherichia coli 348 Edwardsiella 357
Citrobacter 357 Klebsiella 357 Klebsiella pneumoniae 358 Enterobacter 359 Hafnia 359
Serratia 360
37. Tribe Proteae: Proteus, Morganella and Providentia....................................................................... 362
Classification 362 Proteus 362 Morganella 364 Erwinia 364
38. Shigella...................................................................................................................................................... 366
Shigella 366
Textbook of Microbiology
xvi
39. Enterobacteriaceae III: Salmonella...................................................................................................... 372
Salmonella 372 Diagnosis of Carriers 383 Prophylaxis 383 Treatment 384 Drug
Resistance 384 Salmonella Gastroenteritis 384 Salmonella Septicemia 385 Multiresistant
Salmonellae 385 Epidemiology 385
40. Vibrio, Aeromonas and Pleisomonas.................................................................................................. 387
Vibrio 387 Vibrio cholerae 387 Resistance 389 Halophilic Vibrios 396 Aeromonas 397
Plesiomonas 398
41. Campylobacter and Helicobacter......................................................................................................... 400
Campylobacter 400 Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli 400 Helicobacter 402
Helicobacter cinaedi 404 Helicobacter fennelliae 404
42. Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Burkholderia............................................................................ 405
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 405 Antigenic Characteristics 406 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
(Formerly Pseudomonas
Maltophilia) 408 Burkholderia Cepacia (Formerly Pseudomonas cepacia) 409
Burkholderia mallei (formerly Pseudomonas mallei) 409 Burkholderia pseudomallei 410 Glucose
Nonfermenters 411
43. Legionella.................................................................................................................................................. 413
Legionella pneumophila 413
44. Yersinia, Pasteurella, Francisella.......................................................................................................... 416
Yersinia pestis (Formerly Pasteurella pestis) 416 Yersiniosis 421 Pasteurella multocida (Formerly
Pasteurella septica)422
Francisella tularensis (Pasteurella tularensis, Brucella tularensis) 423
45. Haemophilus............................................................................................................................................ 426
Species 426 Haemophilus influenzae 426 Haemophili other than H. influenzae 430
46. Bordetella.................................................................................................................................................. 433
Species 433 Bordetella pertussis (Bordet-Gengou bacillus; Formerly Haemophilus pertussis) 433
Bordetella parapertussis 437
47. Brucella...................................................................................................................................................... 439
Brucella 439 Epidemiology 445
48. Spirochetes................................................................................................................................................ 446
Description 446 Classification 447 Treponema 447 Nonvenereal Treponematoses 455
Nonpathogenic treponeme 456 Borrelia 456 Leptospira 460 Treatment 463
49. Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma............................................................................................................... 465
Classification 465 Mycoplasma as Cell Culture Contaminants 471 Mycoplasmas and L Forms of
Bacteria 471 Atypical Pneumonia 472
50. Miscellaneous Bacteria........................................................................................................................... 474
Listeria monocytogenes 474 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 475 Alcaligenes faecalis 476
Chromobacterium violaceum 476 Flavobacterium meningosepticum 477 Donovania granulomatis
(Calymmatobacterium granulomatis) or Klebsiella
granulomatis 477 Acinetobacter (Mima polymorpha;
Bacterium anitratum 477 Rat Bite Fever (Streptobacillus moniliformis and Spirillum minus) 478
Eikenella corrodens 479 Cardiobacterium hominis 479 Capnocytophaga 479 Gardnerella
vaginalis 480
51. Rickettsiaceae, Bartonellaceae and Coxiella...................................................................................... 481
Genus Rickettsia 481 Classification 481 Genus Ehrlichia 486 Genus Coxiella: Q fever 487
Bartonella 488
52. Chlamydia and Chlamydophila........................................................................................................... 492
Classification 492 Chlamydia Species 492
Contents
xvii
Section Four: Virology
53. General Properties of Viruses............................................................................................................... 503
Main Properties of Viruses 503 Morphology of Viruses 503 Structure and Chemical Composition
of the Viruses 504 Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents 505 Viral Hemagglutination 506
Viral Replication 507 Eclipse Phase 508 Abnormal Replicative Cycles 508 Cultivation of
Viruses 508 Detection of Virus Growth in Cell Culture 510 Viral Assay 511 Viral Genetics 512
Nongenetic Interactions 513 Classification of Viruses 513 Viroids 516 PRIONS 516
54. Virus-Host Interactions: Viral Infections........................................................................................... 517
Interactions between Viruses and Host Cells 517 Pathogenesis of Viral Diseases 518 Transmission
of Human Virus Infections 518 Spread of Virus in the Body 519 Significance of the Incubation
Period 520 Host Response to Virus Infections 520
55. Laboratory Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Chemotherapy of Viral Diseases.................................. 523
Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections 523 Immunoprophylaxis of Viral Diseases 524
Chemoprophylaxis and Chemotherapy of Virus Diseases 526
56. Bacteriophages......................................................................................................................................... 528
Role of Bacteriophages 528 Morphology 528 Life Cycle 528 Significance of Phages 530
57. Poxviruses................................................................................................................................................. 532
Classification 532 Morphology 532 Physical and Chemical Properties 533 Antigenic
Structure 533 Cultivation and Host Range 533 Variola and Vaccinia Viruses 533 Control of
Smallpox 534 Other Poxvirus Diseases 534
58. Herpesviruses........................................................................................................................................... 535
Structure 535 Classification 535 Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) 535 Herpesvirus simiae: B
virus 538 Varicella-zoster Virus (VZV) 538 Herpes Zoster (Shingles, Zona) 538 Cytomegalovirus
(CMV) 539 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) 540 Human Herpesviruses 6 (HHV6) 542 Human
Herpesvirus 7 (HHV7) 542 Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) 542 Varicella in Pregnancy 542
59. Adenoviruses............................................................................................................................................ 544
Adenoviruses 544
60. Papovaviruses.......................................................................................................................................... 547
Papillomaviruses 547 Polyomaviruses 548
61. Parvovirus................................................................................................................................................. 550
Parvovirus 550 Dependovirus 550 Erythrovirus 550 Parvovirus (B19) 550
62. Picornaviruses.......................................................................................................................................... 552
Classification 552 Important Properties of Picornaviruses 552 Enteroviruses
552
Poliovirus 553 Coxsackievirus 556 Echoviruses 558 Other Enterovirus Types 558 Acute
Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis 558 Rhinoviruses 559
63. Orthomyxovirus....................................................................................................................................... 561
Influenza Viruses 561
64. Paramyxoviruses...................................................................................................................................... 569
Morphology and Structural Proteins of Paramyxoviruses 569 Classification 569 Parainfluenza
Viruses 570 Genus Rubulavirus 571 Genus Morbillivirus 572 Nipah and Hendra viruses 574
Genus Pneumovirus 574 Metapneumovirus 575 Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) 575
65. Arboviruses.............................................................................................................................................. 577.
Classification 577 Properties 577 Laboratory Diagnosis 577 Pathogenesis 579 Families of
Arboviruses 579 Ungrouped Arboviruses 587 Arbovirus Known to be Prevalent in India 587
Textbook of Microbiology
xviii
66. Rhabdoviruses......................................................................................................................................... 589
Rabies Virus 589 Rabies Related Viruses 598
67. Hepatitis Viruses..................................................................................................................................... 600
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Infectious Hepatitis 600 Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Serum
Hepatitis 602 Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) 608 Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) 609 Hepatitis E Virus
(HEV) (Enterically Transmitted NANB or Epidemic NANB Hepatitis) 610 Hepatitis G Virus 610
Indications for Vaccination 611
68. Retroviruses Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).................................................................. 613
Retroviruses 613 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 613
69. Slow Virus and Prion Diseases............................................................................................................ 627
Characteristics of Slow Viruses 627 Classification 627
70. Miscellaneous Viruses........................................................................................................................... 631
Rubivirus 631 Rubella (German Measles) 631 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers 632 Arenaviruses 632
Filoviruses 633 Coronaviruses 633 Reoviridae 634
71. Oncogenic Viruses.................................................................................................................................. 638
Oncogenic Viruses 638 Properties of Cells Transformed by Viruses 638 Types of Tumor
Viruses 638 Oncogenic Viruses 639 Viruses Associated with Human Cancer 640 Oncogenes 641
Antioncogenes 641 Mechanisms of Viral Oncogenesis 641
Section Five: Medical Mycology
72. General Properties, Classification and Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungi....................................... 645
Differences of Fungi from Bacteria 645 General Properties of Fungi 645 Classification of
Fungi 646 Reproduction and Sporulation 647 Laboratory Diagnosis 647 Classification of
Mycoses 650
73. Superficial, Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mycoses........................................................................ 652
Superficial Mycoses 652 Cutaneous Mycoses 653 Subcutaneous Mycoses 657
74. Systemic Mycoses.................................................................................................................................... 662
Blastomycosis 662 Paracoccidioidomycosis 663 Coccidioidomycosis 663 Histoplasmosis 664
75. Opportunistic Mycoses.......................................................................................................................... 667
Opportunistic Fungi 667 Yeast Like Fungi 667 Filamentous Fungi 671 Other Fungal
Agents 674 Other Opportunistic Fungi 675 Otomycosis 675 Mycotic Keratitis 675
76. Mycotoxicosis........................................................................................................................................... 677
Mycetism 677 Mycotoxicosis
677 Psychotropic Agents 677
Section Six: Miscellaneous
77. Normal Microbial Flora of the Human Body..................................................................................... 681
Role of Normal Microbial Flora 681 Normal Microbial Flora of the Human Body 682
78. Infective Syndrome................................................................................................................................. 685
Bacteremia and Septicemia 685 Meningitis 688 Urinary Tract Infections 691 Sore Throat and
Pneumonia 695 Diarrhea and Dysentery 698 Food Poisoning 701 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
(STDs) 701 Wound Infection 705 Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (PUO) 707
79. Hospital-Acquired Infection................................................................................................................. 709
Sources of Infections 709 Factors Influencing Hospital-associated Infections 709 Microorganisms
Causing Hospital Infection 710 Routes of Transmission 710 Common Hospital-acquired
Infection 711 Diagnosis and Control of Hospital Infection 711 Infection Control Policy 712
Prevention 712 Efficacy of Infection Control 713
Contents
xix
80. Laboratory Control of Antimicrobial Therapy.................................................................................. 714
Antibiotic Sensitivity Tests 714 Antibiotic Assays in Body Fluids 720
81. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy............................................................................................................... 721
Discovery of Antimicrobial Drugs 721 Antibiotic 721 Chemotherapeutic Agents 721
Antibacterial Agents 721 Mechanisms of Action of Antibacterial Drugs 721 Antibiotic
Resistance 726 Acquisition of Resistance 727
82. Immunoprophylaxis............................................................................................................................... 729
Vaccines 729 Immunization 730 Passive Immunization 731 Individual Immunization 732
83. Bacteriology of Water, Milk and Air................................................................................................... 733
Bacteriology of Water 733 Bacterial Flora in Water 733 Factors Determining the Number of
Bacteria in Water 733 Water-borne Pathogens 734 Indicator Organisms 734 Collection of Water
Samples 734 Bacteriological Examination of Water 734 Bacteriology of Milk 736 Bacteriology of
Air 737 Bacteriological Examination of Environmental Dust 738
84. Hospital Waste Management................................................................................................................ 740
Universal Precautions 740 Definition of Biomedical Waste (BMW) 740 Categories of Biomedical
Waste 741 Waste Segregation 741 Treatment and Disposal Technologies for Health Care Waste 741
Disposal 744 Biomedical Waste Management in India 744 Waste Management Program 744
85. Vehicles and Vectors.............................................................................................................................. 746
Vehicles and Vectors 746
86. Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases.............................................................................. 748
Re-emerging, or Resurging Diseases 748 Factors Responsible for Emergence and Re-emergence
of Infectious Diseases 750
Section Seven: Diagnostic Medical Microbiology
87. Staining Methods.................................................................................................................................... 753
Preparing Film or Smear for Staining 753 Types of Stain 753 Stained Preparations 753
Simple Stains 754 Differential Stains 754 Reagents 754 Fluorochrome Staining for AcidFast
Bacteria 756 Special Stains for Corynebacterium Diphtheriae, (Stains to Demonstrate Metachromatic
Granules) 756 Staining of Volutin-containing Organisms 756 Vital Staining 757 Supervital
Staining 757 Capsule Stain 757
88. Molecular Detection of Microorganisms............................................................................................ 759
Molecular Methods 759 Non-nucleic Acid-based Analytic Methods 761
Index ..................................................................................................................................................................... 763
Autores
ISBN
978-93-502-5510-0
EAN
9789350255100
Editor
Jaypee Medical Publishers
Stock
NO
Idioma
Inglés
Nivel
Profesional
Formato
Encuadernado
Rústica
Páginas
754
Largo
280
Ancho
220
Peso
-
Edición
Fecha de edición
28-11-2012
Año de edición
2012
Nº de ediciones
1
Colección
-
Nº de colección
-